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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09685.004 Next, we wanted to examine whether the application of exogenous DA during pairing at negative spike-timing intervals facilitates synaptic potentiation.
Previous research showed that this design leads to a significant increase of brain activity, startle reflex potentiation, SCRs, and self-reported negative affect and arousal in healthy controls during pairing trials compared to habituation trials (Anders et al., 2005).
Instead, in all cases studied here the multiple X chromosomes and the Y were connected at the telomeric ends during pairing in male meiosis and were visible as a conspicuous multivalent where (Fig. 1), as had already been described for the Palearctic species C. hybrida [ 40].
For calculating the time course of membrane potential changes relative to the pairing spike, we calculated the time of each neuron's pairing spikes relative to the stimulus as the maximum of a Gaussian filtered (σ = 10 ms) peristimulus time histogram (PSTH) of APs evoked by current injection during pairing.
Here, we show that in vivo a spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) protocol consisting of pairing a postsynaptic AP with visually driven presynaptic inputs modifies a neurons' AP-response in a bidirectional way that depends on the relative AP-timing during pairing.
Courtship calls are used during pairing and to a lesser degree during the succeeding phases of breeding.
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In the second part of this study, 21 baboons were studied during paired laparoscopies in the follicular phase and the luteal phase of the cycle.
Excitatory synaptic site heterogeneity during paired pulse plasticity in CA1 pyramidal cells in rat hippocampus in vitro.
Taken together, the results show that the biphasic expression of 5' Hoxd genes during paired appendage development and their expression in the anogenital region are conserved to the most basal lineage of crown-group gnathostomes.
Here we test this hypothesis by investigating Hoxd gene expression during paired fin development in the shark Scyliorhinus canicula, a member of the most basal lineage of jawed vertebrates.
The site of the supra-linear Δ[Ca2+]i signal (Figure 3E), obtained as the difference between the Δ[Ca2+]i signals during paired and unpaired stimulation, co-localized with the region of the PF-evoked dendritic spikes (Figure 3C).
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