The males have a larger average body size than females, likely to facilitate males during male male interactions during mate selection.
However, in monoandrous species one would expect that some precopulatory indications of a male's relatedness are used during mate choice.
Male courtship in Drosophila is an elaborate ritual involving multiple sensory inputs with olfactory and/or gustatory stimuli being particularly important during mate recognition [5], [6].
Pedipalp removal increases male locomotor performance, giving males more stamina during mate search, and allowing males to find females more quickly [50].
Gender differences in facial appearance also emerge from sexually dimorphic facial features that play an important role in signaling reproductive fitness during mate selection.
Marine iguanas are highly site-faithful, and the topography of the study site allows individuals to be observed continually during mate choice, copulation, foraging, and resting.
