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For example, during forming tool operation, hard abrasive particles and locally high stresses on the coating surface can cause crack initiation and early coating failure.
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The deposition of a low-friction PVD coating on the forming tool has during the last years proved to be an interesting choice when it comes to create an "unlubricated" forming process.
Apart from springback occurred by the formed part after removal of the forming tools also impact of thinning of the sheet metal during the forming process is considered in the method, and both effects are correspondingly compensated in an iterative procedure of the forming tool geometry determination.
In production engineering, there are several applications where the geometry of a designed workpiece has to be modified, e.g., optimization of forming tools during springback compensation in sheet metal forming.
In cold forging industry, it is well known that deformation mechanism of the billet and forming tools should be known during forging to properly design the dies and estimate the tool life.
The mechanical wear behavior of forming tools is the limiting factor during an incremental gear-forming process.
However, metal forming tools cause multiple cracking on sheet metal strips during piercing process due to clearance between punch and die.
The extension of tool life is a crucial goal for heat resistant forming tools.
Forging tools are often showing short lifetimes compared to cold forming tools e.g. for sheet metal forming.
The various applications are cutting tools, forming tools, components, medical devices and decorative items.
Sex, and sexiness, formed tools if not weapons in women's arsenal.
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