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Most sheet metal elements undergo complicated deformations during forming process.
Forming force during forming process can induce fracture and affect accuracy of the sheet metal.
Almost all engineering materials undergo a mechanical pre-treatment during forming process.
In addition, the resistance ratio decreases with increasing the current compliance during forming process.
At the same time for industrial applications it is important to know the material behavior in a biaxial tension mode, which is much closer to the one realized in a shell during forming process.
It should be noted that the tribological interaction always takes place during forming process as two contact surfaces (tool steel and the metal) move relative to each other.
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Unfortunately, such materials often show a poor ductility, and thus enhancing formability is nowadays one of the most relevant research focus, as well as the development of effective and reliable predictive models of defects insurgence during forming processes.
Hardness of a cold formed part increases due to plastic deformation induced during the forming process.
Furthermore, the deep-drawing force required and its variation during the forming process were identified.
It has an advantage by reducing redundant plastic deformation during the forming process.
The top layers of the CFRP substrates were manufactured during the forming process.
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