However rapid phenotypic changes in the virus due to mutations and founder effects may occasionally be induced as the virus passes through genetic bottleneck during each sequential passage between ruminant hosts and insect vectors [26].
This high rate of shared mutations between the two PbMut clones was probably due to a severe bottleneck effect during each mouse passage, where 100 1,000 infected erythrocytes were inoculated intraperitoneally, corresponding to intravenous injection of 10 100 infected erythrocytes.
RNA was isolated after each passage and cDNA arrays were performed to evaluate the RNA expression pattern during passaging.
The seasonal thermocline became steeper during the passage of each typhoon than it had been beforehand.
An energetic proton event was observed at a geosynchronous orbit at nearly the same time as an interplanetary shock wave reached the Earth's magnetosphere, indicating that these two events interacted with each other during their passage to Earth.
Similar to the salinity profiles found more than 100 km from the center of a typhoon on the right-hand side, the vertical salinity profiles on the left-hand side showed that both the mixed layer and the isothermal layer became deeper during the passage of each typhoon.
