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The poor sorting and massive character of sediments may indicate a kind of sediment gravity mass flow (expected during backwash).
Its chemical composition also suggests a terrigenous origin, and thus, this unit was most likely formed during backwash.
To minimize the specific energy consumption, filtration flux, backwash duration and aeration rate during backwash were the most important factors.
Deposition occurred during the run-up phase, causing landward redeposition of marine sand, and during backwash flow events, which also deposited terrigenous sediments.
The eroded land is located near the beach where large bed load transport and large amount of sand rising to suspension immediately after the tsunami hit the shore and during backwash.
Various operating parameters such as filtration flux, feed concentration, backwash duration, backwash strength, and the aid of air scouring during backwash were investigated to optimize the filtration performance and energy consumption.
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More importantly, particle detachment was enhanced by the hydrophobic coating during backwashing.
The instantaneous flux applied to compensate for the loss of productivity during backwashing or relaxation periods was the major factor affecting fouling rate for either relaxation or backwashing, which was significantly correlated with the amount of solids and soluble fractions deposited on the membrane surface.
However, when the C parameter is set larger during the uprush than during the backwash, the predicted profiles are closer to the observations.
Therefore, this unit probably was created during the backwash flow.
However, during the backwash from the second wave, the inundated land was already mostly covered with water (e.g., Choowong et al., 2008), so there was much less erosion on land than during the first wave backwash phase.
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