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Such magma is often shattered into pyroclastic fragments by explosive gas expansion during an eruption.
Photograph: Jorge Sanz/Demotix/Corbis 2.30pm GMT Mount Etna, Europe's tallest active volcano, spews lava during an eruption near the Sicilian town of Catania.
Photograph: Mini World Project/Barcroft India 9.43am GMT A child holds her mother next to piles of paddy seeds as ash and smoke fill the air during an eruption in Mount Sinabung at Tiga Pancur village in Karo district, Indonesia.
Such mudflows occur when ice and snow atop a volcano melt during an eruption and the water combines with volcanic rock weakened by long exposure to heat and water.
On the south side are lava formations of various ages, including the longest continuous lava tube in the 48 conterminous U.S. states, which formed during an eruption about 2,000 years ago.
Volcanic ash that has been ejected higher than 5 km (about 3 miles) during an eruption can be carried by wind and settle out through the atmosphere and oceans as pelagic sediment.
Volcanology deals with the formation, distribution, and classification of volcanoes as well as with their structure and the kinds of materials ejected during an eruption (such as pyroclastic flows, lava, dust, ash, and volcanic gases).
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The process that generates this type of PDCs is different from the process that causes by the collapse of an initially convective eruption plume during a magmatic eruption as observed in plinian eruptions, in which changes in physical parameters such as mass discharge rate, vent radius, or magma water content contribute to the decrease in buoyancy and trigger column collapse (e.g., Woods 1988).
Armed with an extensive network of sensors, a team of researchers has used computed tomography (CT) scanning to probe the interior of Mount Etna before, during, and after an eruption.
In today's issue of Science, Domenico Patane and colleagues at the National Institute for Geophysics and Volcanology in Italy illustrate the first attempt to CT scan a volcano before, during, and after an eruption.
These methods open up the possibility to feed (near) real-time monitoring systems with otherwise inaccessible information about vent geometry during an ongoing eruption and help defining important eruption source parameters.
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