There were no consistent differences in the number of bouts or in the duration of guarding between a beta male and a female.
These differences were highly significant both for the duration of guarding and number of bouts (p<0.01, W=0, n=10. Effect sizes (Es) for the differences in the duration of guarding and for the number of bouts between M1 and M2 were both large (see Dataset, Figure 2).
Click here for additional data file.. Supplementary material 2. Duration of guarding (min/h, in the first three hours of the morning) by different members of SAL group on observation days in February 2004 (breeding phase).
The short task performance durations of guards provides a mechanism by which guard numbers can decrease in the absence of a threat (Moore et al. 1987).
The modulated OFDM signal during a symbol can be expressed as follows: (5).. is the inverse of the carrier spacing, ∆ is the duration of the guard interval, k denotes the carrier number, f c is the central frequency of the RF signal, and c i,k is a complex symbol for the carrier k.
The maximum achievable throughput of the SU, in bits/sec, is given by [16] C = 1 T g + 1 B ∑ i = 1 N s log 2 1 + P i h i σ i 2 (1). in which B is the sub-carrier bandwidth, T g is the duration of the guard interval, and P i is the power allocated to the i th SU sub-carrier.
The t interval includes the time duration to transmit all packets, interframe spacing, time duration of ACK packet, guard time, and propagation delay time.
In OFDM systems the important parameter is the maximum delay of the multipath profile and its relation with the duration of the time guard between OFDM symbols to avoid intersymbol interference.
Finally, we propose that the same grasping force that is important at mating initiation stage may also help a male to overcome female resistance (typical for water striders) against longer duration of post-copulatory guarding.
