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The main measurement of participant eye movements was the duration of gaze fixation on the different stimuli.
Thus, a long duration of gaze on the eye area for familiar faces [8], [9], [10] could increase activity in the amygdala and fusiform gyrus.
Extensive lifelong formal training as well as short-term training for eye contact decreased dogs' tendency to follow gaze and increased their duration of gaze to the face.
Additionally, it selectively increased the duration of gaze directed towards the eyes, which is thought to be a prosocial effect [ 27].
In the current study, an extensive history of formal training as well as short-term training for initiating eye contact decreased the dogs' tendency to follow gaze and increased dogs' duration of gaze to the experimenter's face.
Nevertheless, before 2005, no fMRI study had reported on the relationship between the direction and duration of gaze fixation and the patterns of brain activation during the processing of human faces in individuals with ASDs.
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Duration of gazes towards humans has also proved useful to evaluate the sensitivity of capuchin monkeys to the attentional state of humans [5], as it is known for human children [6] or infant chimpanzees [7].
Of particular relevance for the current study, increased activation in this region has been reported in response to viewing direct gaze relative to averted gaze (Kampe et al. 2003; Schilbach et al. 2006), as well as in response to the longer duration of direct gaze (Kuzmanovic et al. 2009).
We evaluated whether eye movements, analyzed in terms of gaze fixation duration, are related to establishing selection and rejection control relationships and whether the use of different response topographies influences the time spent observing the stimuli presented in each trial.
Measures obtained were mean fixation duration and the standard deviation of gaze coordinates (spread of search) for both the horizontal and vertical axes.
On average, participants had a "preferred gaze duration" of 3.3 seconds, give or take 0.7 seconds.
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