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Table 3 Electroless bath constituents Parameters Values Nickel sulphate (g/l) 25 to 35 Sodium hypophosphite (g/l) 10 to 20 Sodium citrate (g/l) 15 Copper sulphate (g/l) 0.3 to 0.7 pH 9.5 Temperature (°C) 85 Duration of coating (h) 2 Bath volume (ml) 200 Open image in new window Figure 1 Electroless deposition set-up.
The duration of coating the tissue culture inserts with collagen type I did not have an impact on TEER (data not shown).
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In order to find out the effect of pulse duration on coating: duty cycle, anodic voltage, cathodic voltage, processing time, electrolyte temperature and electrolyte composition were kept constant.
Hydrophobic SiO2-PMMA composite coating is achieved on stainless steel (SS) substrate for different time duration of dip coating using pre-synthesized SiO2-PMMA sol by sol gel method.
Using a short PDA coating duration of 0.5 h, the coated membrane TFC-C0.5 achieved enhanced FO water flux and reduced reverse solute diffusion simultaneously.
Nevertheless, longer PDA coating duration of 1 4 h resulted in reduced FO water flux due to the significantly increased hydraulic resistance of the coated membranes.
Coating duration of SiO2-PMMA influences PMMA species filling at SiO2 microstructures which relay on wettability behaviour of SS surface switch from Wenzel state to Cassie Baxter state.
The pure zirconium metal was coated by plasma electrolytic oxidation in silicate containing basic electrolyte for the cumulative periods of 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min successively for the total coating duration of 120 min.
Varying of pulse duration caused significant differences among thickness of coating layers.
The coatings had a two-layer structure, of which the outer layer was mainly composed of Al0.9Ni1.1 where a part of Ni was replaced by Co. Once this was achieved, a series of further experiments was undertaken to investigate the effects of deposition duration and temperature on the kinetics of coating growth process.
Processing parameters analysed included concentration of coating material, liquid input rate, duration of spraying, atomisation air pressure, gun-to-surface distance and air cap setting.
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