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None of the physical factors (absolute/relative schoolbag weight, carrying an additional item, duration of carriage, method of travel to school) were associated with schoolbag-related discomfort.
A higher level of details could be achieved, for instance using serotype-specific duration of carriage or immunity to S. pneumoniae [43].
One might have expected that cocolonization would involve more frequently the prevalent serotypes with high incidence of acquisition and long duration of carriage [21], [26], [27].
In conclusion, our data indicate that antibody responses to Pfs230 and Pfs48/45 are boosted by recent exposure to gametocytes and that increased antibody levels are associated with the duration of carriage of gametocytes.
However, in an earlier study based on longitudinal data, we found little to no differences in the mean duration of carriage and transmission rates of vaccine serotypes and nonvaccine serotypes groups [36].
The duration of carriage after travel seems to be relatively short, lasting only a few weeks.
There appears to be an inverse relationship between age and duration of carriage [ 6, 22].
Therefore, some samples could be falsely negative, and lead to underestimate the duration of carriage.
The duration of carriage episodes was underestimated when only one method was used.
Thus, the duration of carriage was shown to be of most relevance for pneumococcal spread.
Differences in duration of carriage were calculated using the Mann-Whitney U test.
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