Furthermore, the quality, sufficiency, and durability of housing were found to be positively associated with mental well-being.
The United Nations Human Settlements Programme defines a slum household as lacking more than one of the following: adequate access to water and sanitation, sufficient living space, durability of housing, and security of tenure (7).
The UN Habitat definition of an urban slum household is one that lacks any of five elements: access to improved water; access to improved sanitation; security of tenure; durability of housing; and sufficient living area (UN Habitat, 2010).
These poor urban settlements typically exhibit one or more defining characteristics including poor structural quality and durability of housing, insufficient living area, a lack of secure tenure, poor access to water, and lack of sanitation facilities (UN Habitat 2006).
Household characteristics data captures education, child labour, water and sanitation, salt iodization, insecticide-treated mosquito nets, and support to children orphaned and made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS, with optional modules for disability, child discipline, security of tenure and durability of housing, source and cost of supplies for ITNs, and maternal mortality.
It is estimated that around 70% of Malawi׳s urban population lives in urban slums – areas defined as lacking more than one of the following: access to safe water, adequate sanitation, sufficient living space, durability of housing, and security of tenure (UN-Habitat, 2011).
Incredibly, after 50 years' exposure to the elements -- and this is a testament to the durability of the house paint he favored -- there is still significant residue on the concrete surface.
The resulted polymer materials can significantly contribute to reducing the house construction time and maintenance cost, energy consumption, and risk of injury during construction and improving the durability of the houses.
Furthermore, mental well-being was positively associated with lower flood risk (flood non-affectedness), higher quality, sufficiency, and durability of the house, better sanitation and income generation ability, as well as with job satisfaction.
The important factors that determine the mental well-being relate to the socio-economic (job satisfaction, income generation ability, population density) and physical environment (environmental pollution, lower flood risk, better sanitation and quality, sufficiency and durability of the house).
