Sentence examples for duplications instances from inspiring English sources

This makes it possible to reconstruct ancestral developmental signalling pathways, and to retrace the ancient evolutionary events which led to their emergence and modulation, in particular gene duplications, instances of sub- and neo-functionalization, and gene losses.

Combined with physical map data, our phylogenetic studies indicate that the expansion of C2H2-ZNF genes that occurred during the evolution of the five species studied, results from the combined action of single-gene duplication and multiple gene duplication (for instances, duplication of all or part of the genes within a cluster).

Tandem duplications are instances in which paralogous genes reside side by side along a chromosome and these are likely to result from evolutionarily recent amplification events.

(There are duplications; for instance, six different codons specify leucine).

Recombination is frequently non-homologous, as we observe both segmental deletions and duplications, (for instance the substantial duplications and triplications within BES1), and variations in length, with some BESs greatly reduced in size (e.g. BES8 and BES10).

Chromosomal aberrations are often associated with incomplete genome duplication, for instance at common fragile sites, or as a consequence of chemical alterations in the DNA template that block replication forks.

However, functional differentiation may be promoted by the rapid changes in evolutionary rate that occasionally coincided with tandem duplication; for instance, AAT17.1Tb had an accelerated substitution rate relative to AAT17.2Tb, while AAT1.4Lm compared similarly to other gene copies within AAT1Lm.

In many instances, duplications appeared to have occurred very late, i.e. within particular terminal clades, such as within Brassicaceae or legumes.

The total number of such genes in higher plants ranged from 30 to 56, a range that probably reflects episodic large-scale duplications along with instances of gene loss.

The observed patterns appear to be consistent with chromosomal duplications in some instances, but may alternately reflect ancient large-scale rearrangements that have since been shuffled to yield interleaving sets of conserved syntenies.

Some rare cases, for instance, duplications with more than one polymorphic paralog, may be more difficult to detect.