The literal duplication phase resulted in the reduction of 91 items.
The results may indicate that an important duplication phase of AA9-encoding genes occurred just at the time of the appearance and early evolution of the Dikarya, ∼650 Myr ago, and is thus intrinsically linked with the appearance of the regularly septated dikaryotic hyphae.
Three de-duplication phases resulted in reduction of 91, 225 and 48 items respectively.
For example, Cyclin D/CDK4 complexes drive passage from the pre-replicative (G1) to the DNA duplication (S) phase, the Cyclin E/CDK2 complexes drive DNA duplication, and the Cyclin B/CDK1 complexes drive entry into mitosis.
Therefore, we propose a simple model of exon/module shuffling by intronic recombinations in which phase-0 introns were essential for domain duplication, and a phase-1 intron for transit peptide recruiting.
Taken together, our results demonstrate that centriole duplication in S-phase is positively regulated by a phosphorylation of NPM/B23 on S4 by Plk2, a S-phase linked Polo-like kinase.
In late G1 phase, cells commit to a round of cell division, and in other ways prepare for the upcoming duplication; in S phase they replicate their DNA; in G2 they prepare for mitosis, and during mitosis they segregate their chromosomes, form two nuclei around these two sets of chromosomes, and finally the two new cells separate from one another.
In addition to these signaling cascades, transcriptional regulation plays a major role and acts coordinately with genome duplication during S-phase and chromosome segregation during mitosis.
Disruption of the late efficient replication would lead to a delay in completion of duplication or S-phase.
This result suggests that, in CDK11-depleted cells, the centrioles lacked essential mitotic modifications allowing their subsequent duplication in S phase (Figure S5).
Interestingly, a growing list of studies in different models shows that Plk4 centrosomal levels and activity are maximal during mitosis, suggesting the kinase also plays a key role during mitosis, possibly to licence the centriole for subsequent duplication in S phase.
