Sentence examples for duplication of modules from inspiring English sources

These events would occur as follows: Step 1) duplication of module 1 to form a bimodular gene, Step 2) duplication of the bimodular gene (modules 1 and 2) to form a tetramodular gene (modules 1 4), and Step 3) duplication of modules 3 and 4 to form a hexamodular gene (modules 1 6) (Fig. 8A, 6A).

Cyclosporin synthetase (SimA) is a clear example of tandem duplication of modules of an NRPS in a single species (Tolypocladium inflatum).

Displacement of the AT domain in trans and duplication of modules and domains then led to noniterative trans-AT PKSs that are found in many algae.

The observation that A-T-C modules from a single NRPS often group together as a monophyletic clade suggests tandem duplication of modules as a possible mechanism by which multimodular NRPSs arise [ 3].

Nevertheless, the absence of complete complex duplication at the WGD event (with a notable exception of CRPs) indicates that a stepwise duplication of modules [ 6], rather than whole-complex duplications, is a major mode of protein complex evolution in eukaryotes.

All eleven A domains from this protein group together as a single well supported monophyletic group (Fig. 2) which also includes certain A domains from other fungal NRPSs, such as ChNPS1 module 2 and ChNPS3 modules 2 and 4. Peptaibol synthetases illustrate a more complex process of tandem duplication of modules of an NRPS.

However, there is a strong bias towards pairs of old families, suggesting gradual duplication of functional modules (given more time, duplication of additional subunits is more likely), rather than duplication of entire functional modules at a time [ 33].

To determine the distance over which cooperative interactions can be propagated in a repeat protein, and to investigate the tolerance to internal duplication and deletion of modules, we have constructed a series of ankyrin repeat variants of the Notch ankyrin domain in which repeat number is varied by duplication and deletion of internal repeats.

We assessed the contribution of gene duplication to module reassignment at several levels.

On this view the language faculty did not originate as an adaptation, but more plausibly "may have originally arisen for some purely architectural or structural reason (perhaps overall brain size, or the sheer duplication of pre-existing modules), or as a by product of the evolutionary pressures" (p. 19), i.e., it is a kind of Gouldian spandrel.

They also supported the proposed hypothesis that ferrichrome synthetases derive from an ancestral hexamodular gene, likely created by tandem duplication of complete NRPS modules.