However, based on some simple assumptions, we can reconstruct an approximation of the pre-duplication network as a superposition of regulatory interactions among duplicated genes.
Furthermore, we find that final subfunctionalization is reduced as we decrease D (Supp. Figure 3 in Additional file 1), an unexpected result since under the DDC model, we actually expect greater subfunctionalization as we decrease D. Note that under default conditions, we observe a certain amount of redundancy in the post-duplication network (see Methods – Connectivity and deletion bias).
WGD : Whole Genome Duplication; PPI network : Protein- Protein Interaction network.
Some focused at the role of duplication in network evolution and proposed graph-theoretic models of network growth, such as the duplication-attachment model (Wiuf et al. 2006) and duplication-divergence model (Bhan et al. 2002; Zhang et al. 2006; Ratmann et al. 2007).
Since ILECs that build "all fiber" networks for voice, data and video must keep their older copper networks running, at least for some time, there is a duplication of network costs that discourages the transition to fiber and these costs represent a regulatory burden that other competitors do not face.
A similar analysis [17] has shown that although genes and interactions between them evolve by duplication, the network motifs themselves are not direct products of duplication with inheritance.
To prevent duplication, professional networks (e.g., LinkedIn) were captured under the category of social networks.
Virgin Media and some smaller operators currently own their own networks, but Ofcom said this model of "end-to-end" competition could lead to duplication of networks and weak competition.
Interestingly, polyploidy also affects other kinds of duplication, creating networks of factors with mutual influence.
One prominent example of co-duplication of network genes preceding the evolution of greater visual complexity is the origin of vertebrate rod and cone specific photoreceptor gene networks [ 7, 36, 37].
This article discusses some of the mechanisms, including modularity, gene duplication, and gene network architecture, that mitigate pleiotropy, therefore acting as internal forces to promote or constrain the evolution of plant development.
