A team led by physicist Naoki Yoshida of Nagoya University in Japan set out to fill this cosmic evolutionary gap in the only way currently possible: They carried out a computer simulation that duplicates the process of star formation in the very young universe.
This does not necessarily mean that the gene will be single copy in any given lineage, particularly in very recent polyploids [ 22, 49], where the entire gene set has been recently duplicated, and the process of duplicate gene loss is underway.
During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes.
Genes encoding these important enzymes were simultaneously duplicated in the process of WGD, hence metabolic flux has simultaneously increased, maintaining the balance of the metabolite flux.
Analysis of CDCP genes has revealed that some of these genes have been duplicated during the process of evolution in both, Arabidopsis and Oryza.
To our knowledge, Ohno [ 1] was the first to suggest possible fates for duplicated genes by the process of either nonfunctionalization or neofunctionalization. Nonfunctionalization of a duplicated gene occurs due to deleterious mutations accumulating in the protein coding region, leading to gene silencing and subsequent loss of one of the duplicate genes from the genome.
Although the tetraploidization event increased the genome complexity, it also makes the salmonids a very pertinent group to study the differential evolution and loss of duplicated genes in the process of re-diploidization.
In this case, the phylogeny of the duplicated genes will reflect the process of diploidisation rather than the pattern of polyploidisation that produced the duplicate copies.
This may represent a case in which TOR was duplicated but is in the process of losing one of the copies.
The SAM tools package [ 30] was used to convert mapping results to BAM format, and then the Picard program (http://picard.sourceforge.net) was applied to eliminate duplicated reads generated during the process of library construction.
In current study, many recognizable pseudogenes were present and had more than 60% sequence identity with the portions of corresponding functional copies, making the extent of the duplication more easily defined and providing visible evidence that one copy of the duplicated genes was in the process of being eliminated.
