The goal, the project's leaders say, is to create a template that can be duplicated over and over, and perhaps even foster a new industry.
However, as a single exon gene, it was easily duplicated over time and modern day mammals have a wide range of copies of type-I interferons, perhaps to increase overall expression levels throughout many cell types in the body.
Hence, although a higher than average d N/d S ratio (caused by relaxed purifying selection) may be expected in recent duplicates, over much longer timescales after whole genome duplications, the opposite may be observed, and the trends may be different for different functional categories of genes.
Another indicator of a protein's functional relevance for organisms along a lineage is the expansion of its protein family by gene duplication or, to be more precise, the retention of duplicates over evolutionary long time scales.
The analysis of the tandemly duplicated region in 6 individuals of each hornbill species enabled us to evaluate sequence evolution patterns across orthologous and paralogous duplicates over a total length of 1,930 bp, encompassing the duplicated parts of Cytb, tRNA T/tRNA P/ NADH6/tRNA E and domains I and the first parts of domains II of the control regions.
The Zipper salad (beets, peas, greens, mizuna) was delicate and fine, and unlikely to be duplicated over at M. & T. A block of monkfish, with fava beans and chunks of chorizo, had agreeable heft.
The US Airways strike threat "was the first event of this magnitude to create this kind of focus on e-tickets," said Mr. Bibeau, who added that his company's online booking site, Biztravel.com, sent out the paper duplicates over a week ago when it became clear that the strike threat was real.
And the speed and reliability of data delivery over a dedicated line can't quite be duplicated over the web yet, either.
Ballmers right on the tech side: Facebook's backend could be duplicated over time, so can Facebook last over the longer term and not be replaced by a new site/ fad?
Since then, the results have been duplicated over 30 times.
