Sentence examples for duplicates compared to from inspiring English sources

We believe that it was important, as it is done here, to demonstrate on the same dataset that evolution of duplicated genes is shaped by the interplay of two opposing effects, the initial increase in substitution rate after gene duplication, and generally lower evolutionary rate of duplicates compared to singletons.

In addition, human duplicates have, on average, much larger duplication spans which are more likely to capture entire ORFs leading to complete duplicates compared to higher proportions of structurally heterogeneous duplicates (partial and chimeric duplications) in Drosophila and C. elegans.

It seems that there are two countervailing forces at work on the sequence evolution of duplicate genes: i) acceleration of substitution between paralogs caused by relaxation of purifying selection after duplication, and ii) relative reduction of substitution rate for genes with duplicates compared to singletons, which is predicated upon the stronger functional constraints affecting the former.

The chromosomes were divided into 10 Mb bins and the number of duplicates compared to the number of genes per bin.

Analysis of such triplets reveals an accelerated evolution, or relaxation of constraint, in the peptides of the X. laevis duplicates compared to their orthologs in X. tropicalis and other vertebrates.

Plasma DNA also shows a higher number of PCR duplicates compared to cellular (3 % vs. 0.5 %), which is expected, given the extra PCR cycles in the library protocol when using a low starting volume of DNA.

The highest concentration of cystamine used (10 mM, 1 hour incubation in PSS) modestly but significantly reduced the viability of cells as assessed by trypan blue exclusion assay (69.0±3.2%, 2 explants, in duplicate), compared to cells treated with PSS without cystamine (92±2.5%).

Samples (1 μl) were analyzed in duplicate compared to 1 μl of ladder.

A Rab5a Pp2d1 gene cassette on the other side of the Sult1c synteny breakpoint has been duplicated compared to the orthologous genes on human chromosome 3.

The number of disablements is slightly higher in duplicated compared to retrotransposed pseudogenes (1.85 versus 1.52), but this trend is reversed when the number of disablements is normalized by the length of pseudogenes, as expressed in the number of disablements per 1000 bases.

Three GO terms were enriched among these duplicates when compared to the larger set of duplicated zebrafish genes (Additional file 2: Table S2). MHC protein complex, olfactory receptor activity, and antigen processing and presentation.