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Least-squares linear regression lines and their slopes are depicted to show rates of decreased functional conservation in single-copy (black) and duplicate (red) genes.
The path that optimizes repression strength (0 penalty) consists of the sequence: specialization of GAL3, specialization of GAL1, loss of GAL4 duplicate, loss of GAL2 duplicate, loss of GAL80 duplicate (red path in Figure 3a, b).
Relationship of median K a between pairs of species (humanchimpanzee, human-gorilla, human-orangutan, human-macaque, human-mouse, human-opossum, human-platypus, and human-chicken) to proportions of functionally conserved single-copy (black) and duplicate (red) genes.
As shown in Fig. 6, the sequence R2′ (28,235 bp) was duplicated (sequences in red rectangular box in Fig. 6b), including part of rps3 transferred to nuclear genome, and the remnant sequences of R2′ remained in mitochondrial genome.
The gene for the red or green opsin was duplicated, allowing individuals to see red and green instead of just one or the other.
We then proposed an evolutionary scenario for this locus, where Os06g16300 is the ancestral gene (conserved with the modern Brachypodium gene, Bradi1g43690) that have been partially (illustrated as red exons) duplicated in tandem as Os06g16330 and finally physically separated by the TE-based transposition of the two transposases (Os06g16310 and Os06g16320).
Segmental duplication in similar or inverted orientation can also be modeled through double-strand break (DSB) repair or replication slippage, as illustrated (4 in fig. 4) for a cluster of two tandem genes in rice that has been duplicated locally (highlighted in red), with the same relative orientation.
It is suggested that, during the evolution of catarrhines, the red-green locus duplicated, one of the daughter loci fixing the red gene and the other the green.
However, the percentages of singletons (Fig. 1D, green) and duplicated genes (Fig. 1D; red + blue) remained nearly constant at 30 35 and 65 70%, respectively, and were independent of gene expression breadth.
(B ) Representative Sanger sequencing fluorogram of the excised transposon, demonstrating precise excision of the ITR and associated duplicated TTAA sequence, marked in red, demonstrating integrations of transposons (green) into human genome (blue) with TTAA insertion sites and genomic coordinates, as marked.
Mutated (BRCA2 duplicated) DNAs were used as controls (green and red, respectively).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com