In such tree-based systems, bandwidth usage is very efficient as no duplicated messages are sent.
If the value of c becomes too large, there are a large number of duplicated messages.
The addition of unique identifiers inside encrypted messages makes it possible to detect duplicated messages, and therefore, replay attacks.
These push protocols usually produce a large number of duplicated messages and thus have a low bandwidth utilization efficiency.
To sum up, as the duplicate sensing message is sent only once by the use of pixel-based transmission mechanism, the total number of duplicated messages saved to transmit is 12.
Multiple-path algorithms are particularly useful in systems that cannot tolerate the time overhead for detecting faulty processors, but there is an overhead in the number of duplicated messages.
This repeated push-pulls between two peers during each cycle (details in Sec. III-A) results in a much smaller number of duplicated messages compared to conventional push-based gossip protocols and conventional push-pull gossip protocols for real-time applications [43, 44].
The Justice Department is investigating possible criminal activity linked to millions of fake or duplicated messages — many from Russian email addresses — sent to the Federal Communications Commission opposing net neutrality, Buzzfeed reported Saturday.
If the message ID is duplicated, the message gets discarded.
"The goal is to get a duplicate message, an echo chamber," said Bruce Josten, the chamber's longtime chief lobbyist.
At each of those stops, it is typically copied, with the duplicate message stored on a server -- the technological engine that runs any Internet operation.
