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The process of cultural adaptation of the questionnaire started with duplicate translations of the English original into Spanish by two separate English-speaking native translators.
These examples of duplicate translations aren't egregiously wasteful, but there are probably places where including an unnecessary translation uses up precious space or time, or costs more to print.Many words, such as terms for popular food products (coffee, for example) or scientific jargon, are similar or identical in otherwise unrelated languages.
Similar(58)
The process of the questionnaire cultural adaptation was initiated with the duplicate translation of the English original into Spanish by two English-speaking native translators separately.
The adaptation was performed by an expert panel using a conceptual equivalence process, including forward and backward translations in duplicate.
A study was conducted consisting of two phases: cultural adaptation into the Spanish language by means of conceptual equivalence, including forward and backward translations in duplicate and cognitive debriefing, and testing of psychometric properties in patients with NP (peripheral, central and mixed) and NNP.
All approaches avoid the translation of duplicate species.
After excluding duplicates (several versions of one document, translations into English/Chinese, etc)., 97 documents most relevant to this study were examined in detail.
Furthermore, an analysis of variance excluding genes with multiple duplicates does identify protein translation genes as having a significantly lower dN/ dS value, but does not contain a sufficient number defense response genes to establish a functional group.
In contrast, the presence of common regulatory elements spanned a major region in the promoter of the PtGS2 duplicate (about 1300 bp upstream the initiation of translation).
All four PDHS followed strict data quality checks through pretesting, translation of questionnaires into the local dialect, interviewer training and duplicate data entry.
Finally, the translation of the reporter gene that encodes green fluorescent protein, placed under the control of a second duplicate late promoter, is also resistant to the cleavage of eIF4G.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com