These changes can be duplicated in culture with high glucose levels.
A variety of systems already exist to record differences in XML files and allow these changes to be duplicated.
His captivating presentation featured time-lapse movies profiling expression patterns of tbx-8 in response to mutations in tbx-9, an ancestral gene duplicate, or changes in the molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90.
But researchers have only just begun figuring out how these duplicates change to become toxic.
There is a risk of not being aware that duplicate changes are required or making different changes to achieve the same effect.
After the study, all ECGs were interpreted independently in duplicate for ischaemic changes meeting ESC/ACC criteria supporting a diagnosis of MI.
As qRT-PCR has a greater dynamic range, it is often used to validate the observed trends rather than duplicate the fold changes obtained by chip experiments [ 62- 64].
All the reactions were carried out in duplicate, and fold changes in gene expression were determined by using the formula 2-ΔΔ C t. geNorm software [ 32] was used to establish the two most stable internal control genes (MRPL19 and PUM1) from a group of four endogenous controls (ACTIN, GAPDH, PUM1 and MRPL19), followed by the calculation of the normalization factor for each tissue sample.
Given that tRNA genes can move, duplicate or change identity (e.g. [ 39]), ideal priming sites should be within ribosomal or protein coding genes, and as gene order changes can occur, it may be preferable to target single gene fragments.
To understand how structural divergence between duplicated genes changes over evolutionary time, we compared structural divergence among different epochs of gene duplications for WGDs (i.e. among α, β and γ events) and transposed duplications (i.e. between those occurring <16 Mya and 16 107 Mya).
The behavior of complex polygons, those with edges that overlap (think bow-tie) or duplicate points, has changed.
