We used evolutionary distance (E) defined by Gu et al. [ 5] as the measure of expression divergence between duplicate genes of four types, shortly denoted as ENormal ECM_del ETF_del and EStress for 'Normal'CM_del'el', 'TF_del' and 'Stress' experiments, respectively.
In Sinfonia VII this repetition is merely suggested, but in Sinfonia XI the last eight measures of the piece virtually duplicate the first eight.
At present, duplicate, independent measures of the phenotype are not made for GWA studies, so routine bivariate trimming would not be possible for most data sets.
Use the National Provider Identification NPIDdatabasease to estimate number of duplicates as a measure of how well this database is being managed.
Commercial ELISAs (USCN, Wuhan, China) targeting potential severity markers were used to measure in duplicate the levels of the proteins in individual DF and SD plasma specimen, using the protocols recommended by the manufacturer.
The first measure of the divergence of duplicated genes compares sets of their transcriptional regulators.
Of the 11,036 samples, 203 duplicate measures of personal samples were excluded because the number of personal silica samples exceeded the total number of workers who were sampled.
A decrease of the rλ indicates differences in the evolutionary rates between the original and the duplicate copy, and a measure of such divergence is assigned as θ = 1−rλ, where θ is a coefficient of functional divergence [15].
A total of 534 of 583 (92%) samples were measured in duplicate; the remainder were measured once.
We used NimbleGen Drosophila whole genome arrays containing ~385,000 unique features (12 features per gene, in duplicate) to measure the levels of 15,634 specific transcripts in Cy3 labeled cDNA made from the RNA of whole female flies fed on live yeast.
When duplicate measures of growth rate for strains with the same deleted genes were available, the average change in growth rate was used in our analysis.
