Hybridizing a duplicate high molecular weight RNA blot with probes specific to the viral suppressors confirmed that both suppressors were being expressed (Figure 4B, panels in lanes 1 6 directly below rRNA).
Most metazoans function with a single SLII/SLIV binding protein (as in flies), for which a duplicate high-affinity RNA target on the U2 snRNA could easily circumvent the need for an auxiliary protein.
In addition, the ability to take duplicate or higher number replicate measurements may further enhance precision.
The findings that evolutionarily older gene duplicates possess higher proportions of interchromosomal duplicates and a lack of association between distance and K S among intrachromosomal paralogs is similar to a previous result in C. elegans [ 13].
UFC was measured in duplicate by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as described previously, 16 using the Alliance® 2795 High Throughput System (Waters Corp ,Milford, MA, USA).
Our analysis indicates that more recent duplicates exhibit higher expression levels, more extensive structural changes, and stronger evidence for adaptation than do older duplicates, suggesting that newer, functionally different Meg homologs may have prevailed over older homologs during recent adaptation.
All assays are performed in duplicate, have high reliability and validity [ 44], and have been used in multiple prior studies [ 21, 24].
Serum interleukin (IL -6 and tumor necrosIL -6ctor-α (TNF-α) were meandred in duplicatumor high-senecrosisy enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays (ELISAs) (BIOSOURCE, Camarillo, CA).
Acetate, ethanol and lactate were measured in duplicate using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis (Agilent 1200 series, Massy, France) essentially as previously described [ 52].
The expression of the PtGS2 duplicate was high in leaves in spring when photosynthesis and photorespiration are at maximum levels [ 40].
