These are large, mainframe-like machines designed with duplicate components so that they can continue functioning after hard disk crashes, power failures or earthquakes.
Analysis of the three duplicate components (VirB4, VirB8 and VirB9) suggests pseudogenization or neofunctionalization has occurred in one member from each family, as the suspects (virB4b, virB8a and virB9b) comprise the only three T4SS genes that deviate from the average genomic base composition and drop below 30% GC (Table 3).
Additionally, through sequencing the mtgenome of A. barbouri JPB34342, unisexual JPB39932 and other specimens we showed that cyt-b gene did not have any duplicated component residing in the mitochondrial genome.
In the last section of Discussion (titled "Gene orientation of duplicate gene components") Martin et al. discuss this issue but consider the orientations of individual genes rather than the orientations of blocks of adjacent genes.
Likewise, contigs in the 158 duplicated gene components were more likely to match different genes in NCBI-NR than either the merged components or the alternative spliced components.
Thus, all studied organisms do not require duplicated two-component regulatory systems and use the single pair NarP-NarQ.
For example, this may be the case when duplicated pathway components become specialized for sister cell types derived from a common evolutionary precursor (Arendt 2008).
The most highly ranked component duplicated gene interaction network involves defects in CALM1 and its multiple interacting partners that are important in regulating voltage-independent calcium-activated action potentials at the neuronal synapse.
Therefore, we decomposed the 1,732 gene families into their 15,352 component duplicated genes of which 1,218 had defined networks with data to test for significance by genome-wide network permutation.
There are subtle differences between teleost species in the retention of pathway component duplicates (table 1 and fig. 4).
However, there are also subtle differences between teleost species in the retention of pathway component duplicates (fig. 4).
