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In order to evaluate the role of pH buffering on metal mobility, duplicate columns were constructed, one packed with pure silica sand, and one with a mixture of silica sand and calcite.
Two duplicate columns modeled sub-aerial tailings weathering alone, a third modeled the effects of long-term floodplain tailings contamination and a fourth modeled that of a tailings dam spill on a previously contaminated floodplain.
Duplicate columns (20 cm diameter, 60 cm deep) were packed with bark, charcoal or sand with effective size 1.4 mm and uniformity coefficient 2.2, and dosed with 32 L m−2 day−1 of an artificial greywater (14 g BOD5 m−2 day−1) for 116 days.
Outdoors, on the memorial's green space, rows of duplicate columns of those in the interior lie on the ground.
Each set contained controls with TCE only (no ethanol) and duplicate columns containing TCE and flushed with ethanol.
For example, the original model included five duplicate columns for the NADH-driven reduction of L-lactate to lactaldehyde (column indices were 109, 110, 111, 113, and 114).
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Duplicate column studies on the different sediment depths, were flushed with synthesized restoration waters at two different alkalinities (160 mg/l CaCO3 and 360 mg/l CaCO3) to study the effect of alkalinity on uranium mobility.
During the first phase of field-scale testing, three sets of duplicate test columns (FC-1 through FC-6) were constructed using 200-L (55-gallon) barrels.
RNA samples were independently analyzed by qRT-PCR three times in duplicate manner (column, mean; bars, S.E .. Correlations were obtained using Spearman's correlation.
Note that the initial assignment of a particular paralog to the first or second column is arbitrary, meaning that there are 2 n – possible unique partitioning of the duplicates into columns.
To avoid potential bias among the different genes in the datasets, duplicate rows and columns in the double-mutant fitness matrices were combined by calculating mean over the duplicates.
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