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Next to me, instead of my live father, was a dummy father.
If the proband has offspring which are genotyped, one of the offspring is chosen to be a dummy father (with arbitrary gender allocation for simple presentation), the dummy father and other offspring which are also surrogates of the dummy father are arbitrarily labelled the paternal surrogate parents.
Paternal (maternal) surrogate parents are identified as those who are surrogate parents of the proband and the dummy father (mother) but not the dummy mother (father).
A dummy mother is chosen by looping through the remaining surrogate parents until a surrogate parent who is not a surrogate parent of the dummy father and has a count of opposing homozygotes greater than 10% of the SNPs in the core and tail in disagreement with the dummy father is found.
If neither parent is genotyped but pedigree information is available, a dummy father (mother) is identified as a surrogate parent who has a coefficient of relationship of greater than a set threshold with the sire (dam) of the proband and of less than a certain threshold with the dam (sire) of the proband.
The remaining surrogate parents are iteratively added to the paternal (maternal) surrogate parent cluster if they are not surrogate parents of one of the maternal (paternal) surrogate parents and are surrogate parents of the dummy father (mother) or one of the subsequently identified paternal (maternal) surrogate parents.
Similar(54)
The same set of controls were used for each country (religion, mother's occupation dummies, father's occupation dummies, wealth quintile dummies, rural residence and province dummy variables).
father Dummy variable for indigenous father 0.172 Indig.
In "Tailors' Dummies," the father recalls a surprising discovery he made upon entering a neglected room in an old apartment: "From all the crevices in the floor, from all the mouldings, from every recess, there grew slim shoots filling the grey air with a scintillating filigree lace of leaves: a hot-house jungle, full of whispers and flicking lights — a false and blissful spring".
In "Tailors' Dummies," the father recalls a surprising discovery he made upon entering a neglected room in an old apartment: "From all the crevices in the floor, from all the mouldings, from every recess, there grew slim shoots filling the grey air with a scintillating filigree lace of leaves: a hot-house jungle, full of whispers and flicking lights—a false and blissful spring".
The remaining 18 subjects were assigned unique dummy-coded fathers.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com