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In several current large-scale assessment programs missing observations on background variables are dummy coded, and subsequently, dummy codes are used additionally in the PV imputation model.
Instead of using dummy codes, missing values on background data may be imputed prior to estimating the parameters of the conditioning model (OECD [2006]; Weirich et al. [2012].
If this is not the case, defining dummy codes for missing observations may be questionable from a theoretical point of view (Schafer & Graham [2002]) and may also lead to biased mean estimates (Rutkowski, [2011]).
Then, dummy codes were created for each non-Caucasian race/ethnic group utilizing Caucasians as the reference.
The centered externalizing behavior variable was multiplied by each of the three dummy codes so a total of three terms were added to the equation.
Further, we explored whether or not positive metastereotyping has any beneficial effect on employability beliefs compared to a control condition in which both valence of the metastereotypes are absent using the following dummy codes: Positive metastereotyping = 1, control = −1, negative metastereotyping = 0 (zero).
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We ran a hierarchical regression, controlling for gender, tenure, fulltime versus part-time employment (dummy-coded) and whether or not the respondent has a leading function (dummy coded).
AF an RF are dummy coded expressions for aftercare respectively rehabilitation facility of patient i, MPSS is also dummy coded variable for chronification stage according to Gerbershagen and G is a dichotomy gender variable.
Both factors use dummy coding because they are categorical.
Cluster analysis and dummy coding were used to prepare the data for analysis and modelling.
Variables with missing data were dummy coded using the missing-indicator method.
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