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A dummy capturing self-reported likelihood of emigration serves to check whether Latvian citizenship is sought in order to emigrate.
A dummy capturing whether they lived in a town or not is used.3 The idea is that parents living in cities had substantially more access to education than parents living in rural areas.
y is real log hourly pay, OE is the dummy for overeducation, T is a (0/1) time dummy capturing the two periods, and X comprises controls for age, age squared, sex (pooled model only), dummies for ethnicity (Asian, Black, other, missing, and White as reference group), marital status, indicator for dependent children in the household, and a London dummy.
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The interaction between land rights security and the year of 2008 dummy captures the effect of being in a land security village on off-farm work after the RLCL was implemented, relative to those located in villages with land insecurity.
The time dummy captures the change in insurance coverage in response to time-varying factors that are not explicitly controlled for but are constant across states.
Controlling for survey year and respondent characteristics, the country dummy captures its underlying support for marriage compared to the U.S., an often-studied outlier that provides a convenient reference.
There are no alternative specific coefficients, other than the dummies capturing the vehicle's make.
The dummies capturing vehicle make are all positive and, with one exception, significantly different from zero, suggesting a higher choice probability than the reference category 'all other makes'.
We therefore employ index dummies capturing the respective share index in which firms are included, i.e., Dax, MDax, TecDax or SDax, using 'no index' as a reference category.
As in (3), S icl is a dummy taking value 1 if the individual i, seeks care from any public provider and 0 vice versa, HLF l and HRE l capture supply-side characteristics, Dcl is the set of dummies capturing the distance from the closest HF and X icl is a vector including other demand-side characteristics and controls, as in (3).
Crash Test Dummies capture that feeling of not quite understanding what's going on.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com