This artifact is generated due to surface structures added on top of those lenses in order to increase their depth of focus or to realize multiple focal lengths.
As shown in Fig. 3f j, we can notice that the intensities for the Fe-TiO2 and Co-TiO2 of the two pre-edge peaks at 456.7 and 457.4 eV are higher than those of Cr-TiO2, Mn-TiO2, and Ni-TiO2 (marked a) indicating that these peaks are due to surface defect structures (Ti3+ state) [31].
The fact that similar results were obtained with pelleted and compound mash feed suggests that the differences between feed materials were not due to surface area or structure, but rather to differences in chemical composition.
As a result, during the formation of ZFO at 500 °C in our case, the REO particles will migrate to the surface of ZFO structure due to surface tension (Fig. 2c) [26], leading to the construction of ZFO-REO core-shell nanotapers (Fig. 2d).
It is also important to prevent thin films from cracking and forming a particle structure due to surface roughness.
A 4 degree-of-freedom mechanical model is constructed and corresponding experiments are conducted to better understand the load transfer and dynamic responses of buried structures due to surface impact loading.
Compact oxide films are formed at the potentials ranged from 10 V to 30 V, whereas increasing of anodization voltage to 60 V resulted in the formation of disordered, porous structures due to surface etching.
Upon cooling, the molten minerals contract and form small spheres with dense surface structure (Fig. 2c) due to surface tension and rapid temperature drop.
A surface comprising spatially coherent columnar nanostructures is expected to retain intercolumnar liquid during a quartz crystal microbalance measurement due to the surface structure.
Initially, however, the sputtered Cr coating exhibited improved corrosion resistance over the electrodeposited one, potentially due to the surface structure of the oxide film.
