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Fifteen generations after inbred populations had passed through genetic bottlenecks, we recorded increased levels of female promiscuity compared with noninbred controls, most likely due to selection from prospective fitness gains through polyandry.
As the crowd-funding process is discriminatory - not only due to selection from a vetting perspective - but also due to market demand, the team behind CCEDK's new endeavour indicates that it will only be focusing on two crowd-funding campaigns per month.
In this study, selection bias is likely due to selection from the NSW DPI laboratory databases for the concurrently conducted case control study [ 30].
Our analyses took account of the known demographic history of the rat strains and used several methods to distinguish genomic segments that arose due to selection from those that may have arisen from population structure.
We used the ratio N/N e to summarize the reduction in N e due to selection from the start of selection at t = 0 until t = t nearlyfixed [the time when the frequency of the advantageous allele reaches (N-1)/ N].
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One major challenge for covariation analysis is distinguishing covariation that is genuinely due to selection pressure, from covariation that is simply due to co-inheritance from a common ancestor.
In particular, it sets apart co-variation due to selection pressure from co-variation due to shared ancestry by modeling multiple interactions simultaneously.
Due to selection pressure from the hosts, the Avirulence effectors show extensive variations, including amino acid changes indicative of strong positive selection, gene truncations and deletions, and transcriptional silencing [ 35, 36].
After prolonged growth under growth-repressive conditions (24 48 h), the strains appear to gradually lose sensitivity to light and speed up, most likely due to selection effects stemming from the fact that they still harbour the CcaS/CcaR system on a medium-copy plasmid.
Observational studies are common in medical research because of practical or ethical barriers to random assignment of units (e.g., patients) into treatment conditions (e.g., treatment vs. comparison); consequently, observational studies likely yield results with limited validity for causal inference due to selection bias resulted from non-randomization.
This result could be due to selection if women workers from low female labor supply countries are positively selected relative to women workers from high female labor supply countries.
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