The lakes present above 3500 m altitude are considered to be evolved due to retreat of glaciers and are classified as glacial lakes (WWF 2005).
However, the case study presented here for a major Himalayan river basin demonstrates that such shifting of peak discharge in the time domain can also take place simply due to retreat of the equilibrium line.
Korkai, a port of the early Pandyas at the Tamraparani basin, is now located 7 km inland due to the retreating shoreline caused by sediment deposition.
Unlike the severe erosion and scour occurs near the shoreline in scenario S2, the most severe erosion happens in the offshore area with a larger extent due to the first retreating wave.
After becoming a tropical storm, Bavi moved generally northward due to a ridge retreating to the northeast.
Since 1912 the glacier cover on the summit of Kilimanjaro has apparently retreated 75%, and the volume of glacial ice is now 80% less than it was a century ago due to both retreat and thinning.
Due to glacier retreat, late-summer flow will decrease at the end of the century.
The slowing of erosion was interpreted to have been driven by a decrease in ISM precipitation in the frontal Himalaya, possibly due to southward retreat of the ISM front (Huang et al. 2007).
Increase in discharge due to significant retreat of snow in turn affects the downstream flow characteristics of the river giving rise to severe catastrophic problems such as flood and erosion.
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