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It is clearly revealed that the errors due to negative frequency interference are remarkably reduced.
As we can see in Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4, the maximum error due to negative frequency can reach as high as 0.04 for all the estimators.
Under these conditions, fixation probabilities of both host and parasite alleles are almost identical at initially intermediate frequencies, most likely due to negative frequency dependent selection, as illustrated in Figure 1.
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Host genotypes decline when common and increase when rare due to negative frequency-dependent selection exerted by the coevolving parasite population.
Although heterozygote advantage might operate during the brief gamete fertilization and diploid stages inside the mosquito host, balancing selection on proteins in the haploid asexual blood stage is probably due to negative frequency-dependent immune selection [12] [18].
This suggests that rare allotypes also have been maintained in the Japanese black bear population, possibly due to negative frequency-dependent selection [ 64].
One may hypothesize that skewed allelic distribution due to negative frequency-dependent selection and the bottleneck or population fragmentation in each management unit might accelerate loss of DQB rare variants.
Lameness is problematic for herds with automated milking systems (AMS) due to negative effects on milking frequency and productivity.
However, new TpsA variants are generated only at a very low frequency possibly due to negative selection against recombination as consequence of the concomitant loss of the immunity protein resulting in sensitivity to the TpsA protein produced by the congeners in the same microbial community.
If current allele frequencies are due to negative selection on BRCA1-mutations, this negative selection occurred in the past.
The 5-item Emotional Eating Questionnaire measures frequency of eating due to negative emotions (6).
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