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Because mitochondrial DNA is passed down from mother to daughter without combining with male DNA, any changes in the sequence of nucleotides are due to mutations.
In other words, although mutations of small effect are more common, the actual establishment of adaptive changes will often be due to mutations of medium to large effect, especially on arrival in a tough new place.
Factor XII (FXII) deficiency is a recessive Mendelian trait due to mutations in the F12 gene.
Dysfunction of this protein due to mutations makes the route vulnerable to viral diseases.
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an inborn error of phenylalanine metabolism due to mutations in phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH).
Recessive CPVT variants are due to mutations in the CASQ2 gene.
Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (DEB) is due to mutations in the type VII collagen (C7) gene.
However, they are all due to mutations in DNA, the genetic material.
In the GM stack there will be no unintended effects due to mutations in one of both parental GM (single).
In some cases unitary pseudogenes are the direct remains of a gene that has become dysfunctional due to mutations.
The impairment of the hypothalamic signaling pathway due to mutations or inflammation leads to the development of obesity and NAFLD.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com