Outliers may either be part of the biological variability of the parameter measured or be due to measurement error.
The factor structure refined by exploratory factor analysis includes the error variance due to measurement error and a random component in the measured phenomenon.
This could be due to measurement error in the included variables or to omission of hard-to measure factors such as health care quality, cost or health beliefs.
The extent of bias due to measurement error in these reported results is unclear.
We also find, however, that due to measurement error, conventional estimates of the impact of smoke inhalation are underestimated substantially.
A set of sources with a single luminosity will, upon observation, be spread out due to measurement error.
On average, 24% of the total variation in the data was due to measurement error.
However, the magnitude of these crosslink peak area changes relative to the variance due to measurement error, combined with a lack of structural information for the PHD1 and PHD1-ARID linker region, makes these data challenging to interpret.
The marks of star represent the observed crack sizes, which deviate from the corresponding actual values due to measurement error.
The IV estimate of the network effect is larger than in OLS, possibly due to measurement error.
Among those 34 countries, the U.S. performed slightly below average in math, scoring 481, and ranked 26 (though the report notes that due to measurement error, the ranking could range from 23 to 29).
