3 5 Defective medicine is a term used to describe any drug with a quality defect, whether the error was due to deliberate falsification or unintentional error during manufacturing.
Of the articles included in this analysis, 95.9% were retracted due to data falsification or fabrication, with the remainder involving other forms of serious misconduct such as publication without institutional review board (IRB) approval.
A meta-analysis of survey data indicates that approximately 2% of scientists admit to data falsification or manipulation on at least one occasion (Fanelli, 2009), whereas less than 0.02% of published data are retracted due to fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism (Claxton, 2005; Fang et al., 2012).
It was however pointed out that claims submitted for reimbursement could be rejected or reduced due to omissions and falsifications.
For the philosopher Edward W. James, astrology is irrational not because of the numerous problems with mechanisms and falsification due to experiments, but because an analysis of the astrological literature shows that it is infused with fallacious logic and poor reasoning.
Access and data falsification by malicious clients is impossible due to the mutual validity check between the master node and the connected clients.
"There were numerous pedigree falsifications in the 18th and 19th centuries; some deliberate, some due to politicking, some to plain ignorance".
Whether this is due to Taverne's fading memory or is just part of the Lib Dem school of falsification (recently exemplified by Chris Huhne, David Laws and Mike Hancock), I can't tell, but it's nonsense.
Erroneous spectrum availability data may be due to hardware imperfections and adverse propagation effects or, on the other hand, to security attacks, particularly data falsification and PU emulation, as we discuss throughout this survey.
A comprehensive search for retracted articles was previously performed and filtered specifically for articles retracted due to documented or suspected serious research misconduct (Fang et al., 2012), primarily consisting of data fabrication or falsification (95.9%).
