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Essentially, the numerator represents the long-term utility gain due to deviation, and the denominator represents the maximal long-term utility loss due to the punishment.
Lower λnoise values indicate strongly selective noise and thus the PFA error increases due to deviation from the approximately flat per subchannel assumption.
There, β is the geometrical image compression factor due to deviation of the shape of the specimen configuration from spherical [21].
Power output of PV panel after consideration of reduction in power output from PV panel due to deviation of its temperature from 25 °C is known as PV panel output after temperature correction.
so that the deviation of SUR T from SUR 0 (the 'error' due to deviation of actual scan time from the reference time) is given by SUR T - SUR 0 = 1 - T 0 T SUR T - V ̄ r = ΔT T SUR T - V ̄ r. (9).
For Ψ to be IC, the utility loss due to the punishment should exceed the utility gain due to deviation, i.e., begin{aligned} &left 1-delta^{L}right)left(u^{text{PO}}_{n} - {u^{d}_{n}}right) leq &left 1-delta^{1-deL}right}right)left u^{text{PO}_{M, n}right)left(u^{text{PO}}_{n} - u^{u^{d{NE}}_{n}}right end{aleqned} (19).
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Such differences are usually considered to be due to deviations in ground motion in an empirical evaluation.
The optimal controller is designed to minimize the loss of total economic surplus due to deviations from the schedule because of generation contingencies.
In engineering industry, the panels manufacturing implicates the risk of having defects or damages due to deviations in the assembly and machining processes.
The method breaks down, however, at very low loads and small penetration depths, which is likely to be due to deviations from the ideal tip geometry.
This procedure leads to the estimation of Austrian-specific item parameters for those items with significant relative difference and enables a reduction of potential bias due to deviations.
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