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Basically, the PoA measures the loss of global performance due to decentralization by comparing the maximum sum utility achieved under the global control of a central authority with the minimum sum utility achieved at the Nash equilibrium.
The PoS measures also the loss of global performance due to decentralization by comparing the maximum sum utility achieved under the global control of an authority with the maximum sum utility achieved at the Nash equilibrium.
Using a standard market potential indicator, these authors show a positive effect of motorways on accessibility levels and some negative impacts due to decentralization of employment, mainly in London and the cities surrounding it.
Due to decentralization, the HRH area has been restructured and policies beyond traditional administrative activities have been developed.
These capacities were expanded through collaboration with partners due to decentralization by providing services for fluorescence-activated cell sorting including FACS Count™ and FACS Calibur™ instruments.
Much of the literature on the workforce deals with the issue of the mix of roles and responsibilities between different levels of government, which have been in some transition due to decentralization.
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Thus, as long as K > S there always exists a loss in performance due to the decentralization of the network.
Thus, as in the previous case, as long as K > S there always exists a loss in performance due to the decentralization of the network.
The KNE district is further divided into three portions and separated from the KNW district due to the decentralization and political structure of the country.
An inclination built-up beginning from 2,400 m TVD to more than 20° from vertical, however, makes further BO interpretation due to severe tool decentralization impossible (Figure 4).
Besides showing a vivid picture of the knowledge exchange patterns among Chinese provinces and municipalities, the results suggest that the geographic constraint on knowledge flows only becomes salient in China in recent years due to the administrative decentralization and the economic reform.
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