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In recent years, the focus of dual use concerns has shifted from "technologies" to "research".
As we shall see, this particular framing of dual use concerns resonated with the central promise of synthetic biology to "make biology easier to engineer", and led to the entanglement of these two areas.
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This is illustrated by the influential 2004 policy report produced by the US National Research Council NRCC) (2004), Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism: Confronting the Dual Use Dilemma, which viewed the inherent characteristics of scientific research as a dual use concern.
In fact, the dual-use concerns were a big factor in the pre-Iraq War debate about Saddam Hussein's weapons programs.
"The process of identifying dual use of concern is something that should start at the very first glimmer of an experiment," he says.
And, to their credit and that of the peer reviewers selected by the journals Science and Nature, the journals themselves, as well as the U.S. government, it was recognized before their publication that these experiments had dual use of concern potential.
The draft U.S. Government Policy on Dual Use Research of Concern (DURC) combines a broad definition of concerns with a narrow definition of scope of oversight, the latter focusing on experiments of concern on listed pathogens and toxins (12).
Importantly, many of the agents modified or designed for therapeutics will have dual uses of concern.
The reviews are designed to reduce the risks associated with "dual use research of concern" (DURC) that could be used for good or evil.
The reviews are designed to reduce the risks associated with dual use research of concern (DURC) that could be used for good or harm.
Existing U.S. rules, released in March 2012, require federal agencies to review funding proposals that involve the 15 agents for "dual use research of concern," or DURC.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com