In the other 4 countries, the PFP sector is not so prominent, though its assessment is difficult, since many HRH working in the public sector are in dual practice, undertaking a parallel PFP activity.
This appeared to reflect a greater likelihood of undertaking dual practice among specialists, relative to other doctors, due to higher private financial incentives, inter alia [ 48].
Numerous respondents undertook dual practice without official permission.
Doctors working at a CHC can undertake dual work - curative as well as preventive.
This may be particularly the case in surgery and anaesthesiology, for example, where roster systems are based around theatre times and where many undertake dual practice.
This is since doctors appear most likely, in any setting, to undertake dual practice out of all health workers [ 2, 6].
Again, it is important to stress that all doctors interviewed undertook dual practice in one form or another, though dual practice between the public and private, for-profit sector was by far the most common (n=25/28).
Twenty-three semi-structured interviewereere conducted with key informants in the same city as the hospitals, for background, including doctors who did not undertake dual practice, hospital managers and provincial policy-makers.
Qualitative sampling was 'purposively' conducted, aiming for a heterogeneous sample of urban hospital doctors (including specialists) who undertook dual practice, to arrive at theoretical saturation as quickly as possible [ 47].
In terms of locum work, which was relatively rare for specialists interviewed, a private sector administrator was interviewed who admitted to actively recruiting registrars who are not allowed to undertake dual practice at all since they are still in training.
Such contextual factors are evident above in the particularities of, for example, individuals who were strongly encouraged to undertake dual practice by their own department (versus those not allowed to in another department) which may affect whether the practice is enjoyed and sustained.
