DSS, SAE, AS and ESS contributed to the study design, translation, data collection, interpretation of data analyses and revised the manuscript for key intellectual content.
MCM and DSS conceived the idea for the study, contributed to the design of the research, were involved in the data collection, and discussed the data.
JA, RT and PA designed the Manhiça DSS, including the data collection and supervision systems, and have contributed to the concept of this analysis and reviewed critically the manuscript for intellectual content.
Collectively, these data suggest that chemerin treatment impairs the skewing of macrophages towards the anti-inflammatory M2 type in DSS-exposed colons, which may contribute to the exacerbated colitis.
It is expected that our work will contribute to the future DSS design and development.
M1 macrophages contribute to the pathogenesis of DSS-induced colitis primarily by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines and causing tissue damage.
Our data demonstrated that GHSR contributes to the development of DSS-induced colitis, and suggest GHSR as a potential therapeutic target for IBD.
In contrast, M2 macrophages contribute to the resolution of DSS-induced colitis primarily by expressing low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but high levels of Arginase 1 (Arg-1), FIZZ1, YM-1 and IL-10.
Third, varying numbers of patients, median follow-up time, and quality scale might contribute to the heterogeneity of results for DSS found in this study.
We then formulate a conceptual model for identifying factors that contribute to the efficacy of DDSS in comparison to traditional DSS.
