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The fallow treatments were continuous soil flooding (flooded), soil drying with exclusion of rainfall (dry), soil drying with dry tillage (dry + tillage), and a control with soil drying and wetting from rainfall (dry and wet).
Avoiding puddling in rice and dry tillage in maize with residue retention increased yield (by 0.5 1.2 t ha−1) and net economic returns of the succeeding wheat crop.
The lowest yields of wheat (2.78 3.07 t ha−1) and rice (4.38 6.52 t ha−1) were recorded with the current farmers' practices (S1), consisting of intensive tillage (wet tillage or puddling in rice and dry tillage in wheat) followed by inefficient crop establishment practices (transplanting in rice and broadcasting in wheat) with complete removal of crop residues.
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In order to enable dry land tillage from a small machine, a novel power tiller-operated oscillatory tillage implement was designed and developed.
The yield was significantly affected by deep tillage (Dry weight of berries) (tha−1) and highest yield was obtained in deep tillage than other tillage practices (Table 5).
Three different land use systems varying in crust disturbance level were investigated – (1) fallow land with undisturbed physical soil crusts, (2) simulated sheep trampling and (3) conventional tillage (dry farming).
Tillage in dry areas must make maximum use of scanty rainfall.
At every site, samples of the same soil type were collected from agricultural land (dry crops with conventional tillage management using ploughing), and nearby forest, where agriculture was abandoned between 20 and 50 years ago.
At the centre of the terraces and across vegetative barriers, the upper soil layers (<60 cm) retained more water compared with deeper layers for minimum than regular tillage over the dry period.
During periods of enough rainfall (over 450 mm per season) in the drier site, intercropping suppressed maize yields significantly (p < 0.01) by 42% compared to conventional tillage in the drier site.
Chisel plow is an important implement for primary tillage when the soil is dry and firm.
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