The emission intensity at driving phase of vintage cars is assumed to be same with the emission intensity at newly registered year.
It should be noted that the emissions in the driving phase of used cars (i.e., last term in Eq. 20) are affected by the emission intensity at driving phase of vintage cars that survived at year t, f g(s).
An important point is that expanding the market of used cars with relatively low fuel efficiencies conversely contributes to increasing CO2 emissions in the driving phase, whereas zero emission is achieved the car manufacturing phase.
There are two relevant previous studies on life-cycle emissions in the driving phase that include the impact of the fuel efficiencies of motor vehicles and their annual travel distance: Ou et al. (2010) and Pauliuk et al. (2012).
The market expansion of new and used passenger cars also affects the environment, because expanding the market of new passenger cars with relatively high fuel efficiencies (km/l) contributes to reducing CO2 emissions during the driving phase, whereas it increases CO2 emissions in the car manufacturing phase (Kagawa et al. 2011).
(17) and (18) yields the direct and indirect emissions (i.e., life-cycle emissions) in the driving phase, formulated as follows: f_{text{g}} left( s right) = f_{text{g}}^{text{direct}} left( s right) + f_{text{g}}^{text{indirect}} left( s right).
The feedback of the resonant mirror was analyzed by the box, and corrections to the driving phase were made to maintain phase stability of the resonant mirror.
To confirm our interpretation, we show that the same magnetic switching is achieved when quantitatively similar changes of strain are produced by thermally driving phase transitions in the BTO substrates.
Phase-transfer catalyst systems contain two liquid phases, with a catalyst (PTC) that transfers between the phases, driving product formation in one phase and being regenerated in the other phase.
The results are phase diagrams showing the precipitates to be expected as well as driving forces, phase compositions and diffusion coefficients as base for further modelling activities.
