The factor 3 accounts for the fact that we are not driving a closed linear-dipole transition but a J=1/2 ⇔ J=1/2 one.
This energy can be measured by radio or microwave spectroscopy, driving a Zeeman or hyperfine transition between two impurity states, where one state is interacting with the bosonic bath forming the polaron, whereas the other state is non-interacting or only weakly interacting.
TGF-β potently stimulates cellular migration and invasion of fibroblasts and epithelial cells by promoting fibroblast transdifferentiation into invasive myofibroblasts and by driving an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) frequently associated with invasive tumors [ 3, 28- 30].
From calculating the energy difference between the spinel and layered structure for several transition metal oxides it is found that a driving force for transition to spinel will always exist when a layered lithium transition metal oxide is delithiated.
In response to the increasing salinity of the primordial ocean, cells would need a mechanism for pumping Na+ ions out of the cell, driving the transition from a protein translocase to the precursor of an ion-translocating membrane ATPase, as described elsewhere [ 37].
It is possible that the rise in ocean pH as the Hadean Eon progressed was partly responsible for driving the transition from an RNA to a DNA genome.
Data from these studies are discussed in relation to previous viscosity and fluorescence studies that confirm the conformational changes driving the transition from an extended polyelectrolyte to a compact, globular structure.
Tcf15 is able to prime cells for differentiation by driving the transition to a mature epiblast-like state; because Tcf15 is an Id-regulated factor, this explains why Id is able to suppress the conversion of ESCs into EpiSC (Zhang et al., 2010).
Furthermore, some of those backing a "divest-invest" strategy move money into the clean energy and energy efficiency sectors which have already begun driving the transition to a low-carbon world.
The coincidence of the repression of inflammatory, immune and cell proliferation pathways and the induction of metabolic, lipogenic and adipogenic pathways prompted the hypothesis that these events may be interdependent and their swap relevant for driving the transition from a stressed to pathological hepatic state.
It is well known that D-type cyclins are responsible for progression through G1 phase; E-type cyclins for completion of G1 phase and entry into S-phase; A-type cyclins for driving the transition from S-phase to M-phase (G2 phase); and B-type cyclins for cell progression through M-phase (Malumbres and Barbacid, 2009).
