The effect of these drivers on the patterns of distribution for parasites in both definitive hosts and vectors, overall host-pathogen relationships and emergence of an outbreak, may be both incremental (cumulative) and extreme (episodic).
The authors extend beyond their data on assessment of distributions and patterning to explore some of the putative drivers of the patterns, including social, economic, and political factors.
A subset of nine of the above abiotic environmental variables were examined as potential drivers of the patterns in vegetation community datasets using distance-based redundancy analysis [ 41, 42].
While some might see recent declining levels of palm leaf harvest as an indicator of over-exploitation, this is not the only possible driver of the pattern we observed.
Because the lack of available information required consumers to rely on past experiences and/or recommendations, the traditional service concept also reinforced reputation as a driver of the pattern.
Additionally, we cannot rule out entirely that another, unidentified ecological factor, covarying with the extent of eutrophication, may be a stronger driver of the pattern seen in the number of outlier loci identified amongst Swiss whitefish species flocks.
Because our results were similar whether background pollination was low (Fig. 3A C) or high (Fig. 3D F), the magnitude of background pollination is unlikely to be the main driver of the patterns we report.
Our research fills the gap in the literature by covering a longer period throughout the 2000s and using a more systematic approach to examine the underlying drivers of the spending pattern.
Little is known on the landscape structure patterns of vegetation existing in urban areas at the global scale and the drivers of these patterns.
We investigated whether the mechanisms underlying alpha and beta-diversity patterns are influenced by energy availability, habitat heterogeneity and temporal variability and if the drivers of the diversity patterns differed between both components of diversity.
