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The maximum driver voltage to the fluid jet was set at levels (35 to 40 V) that elicited large, near-saturating transducer currents in control cells.
One of the five av3J/av3J OHCs had, when stimulated with larger sinusoidal force stimuli (45 V driver voltage amplitude), larger transducer currents in response to stimuli directed away from the kinocilium, also at negative membrane potentials.
At a hyperpolarized holding potential of −84 mV a considerably larger driver voltage to the fluid jet, and hence force on the hair bundle, was needed to elicit currents from the mutant v2J/v2J OHC than was required for the control +/v2J OHC (Fig. 7).
At a depolarized membrane potential of +86 mV the relation between currents and driver voltage shifted towards smaller driver voltages for both the control +/v2J OHCs and the mutant v2J/v2J OHCs (Fig. 7C, D), an observation usually interpreted as being due to abolished Ca2+-induced adaptation upon approaching the Ca2+ equilibrium potential [32].
The driver voltage (DV) signal of up to ± 20 V to the fluid jet is shown above the traces (positive deflections are excitatory).
However, as we employed the integrated k-clock in the Axsun laser for these experiments, this port was not used, and thus the driver voltage was adjusted for maximum crosstalk suppression.
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A large inward MT current was elicited in both apical (1.1 ± 0.1 nA, n = 5, P20 P25: Figure 1A) and basal coil IHCs (1.0 ± 0.2 nA, n = 6, P17 P25: Figure 1B) upon moving their bundle in the excitatory direction (i.e., towards the taller stereocilia using positive driver voltages).
The DC micro-diaphragm pump is automatically controlled via a voltage driver interfaced with a computer in order to effectively and efficiently control suction force and pressure during microfluidic handling and droplet control in micro and nano manufacturing.
Illustrated in Figure 1B is a sample voltage driver circuit for controlling a high intensity blue Luxeon LED with a simple low current 5 V TTL input as the switching signal.
The six standalone motion controllers implement position control using proportional-integral-derivative (PID) algorithms; such algorithms are also used to drive power to the motor in proportion to an external voltage (driver modality).
A complete low-power high-voltage driver for a 80×104 passive-matrix bistable LCD is integrated in a 0.7 μm CMOS smart-power technology.
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