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Ultimately, said Good, her hope is to remove the negative connotation of failure and instead see it as an "indicator of innovation, and a driver of collaboration that's needed to catalyze systemic change".
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External drivers of collaboration are exogenous factors that put pressure on scientists to work together.
Both of these elements, pooling collective resources and expanding the research potential of the combined labour force, were identified as key drivers of collaboration.
This gives some insight into the benefits and drivers of collaboration but it does not yet reveal a great deal about the values in play in collaborative working.
Following a three-stage model based on Crépon et al. (1998), this paper discusses the impact of drivers of collaboration on channels of interaction, and the impact of these channels on the perceived benefits by researchers and firms.
This adds an additional dimension to the drivers of collaboration from an industry perspective; there is still a modular, skill and task-based division of labour, but standardised (or 'packaged') tasks are more likely to be outsourced to Contract Research Organisations (CROs) while more 'exploratory' open-ended or innovative research tasks tend to be allocated to academic collaborative partners.
Then the paper analyzes and compares the current state of nanotechnology in these three countries, discusses some of the main drivers of collaboration, investigates current and potential uncertainties associated with nanotechnology, and offers policy suggestions on ways that these difficulties may be addressed.
The proposed drivers of collaboration however have been tested [ 26].
The model also posits that the drivers of collaboration include participant, context and exchange characteristics.
The context of uncertainty interacts with classical drivers of actor collaboration in policy processes.
For instance, Leahey (2016) identifies resource constraints, policy pushes, specialisation and the proliferation of information communication technology as some of the drivers of research collaboration, while Hu et al. (2016) analyse leadership, incentives or reward system, resource capability, external networks and reputation as possible determinants of university-industry collaboration.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com