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Those model-based approaches can be purely data driven as Granger Causality (GC) [11 13] or biologically inspired such as Dynamic Causal Modelling [14].
We suspect that this result is mainly driven by reversed causality.
These could be taken as suggesting that the previous result does not seem to be driven by reverse causality.
In addition, the relation between predictability and trade growth is driven by validated causality, in which predictability helps raise trade growth, thus reduces unpredictability.
The findings with respect to IMT and PWV are, however, consistent with the association between CRP and CVD being driven by reverse causality (i.e. CVD causing raised CRP).
Limitations of this study include the possibility that our findings are driven by reverse causality.
In this article, several well-known data-driven causality methods are revisited and comparatively evaluated.
Our findings (not tabulated) indicate that the debt type ratios used as dependent variables in our paper do not significantly affect the equity risk and, consequently, that our findings are not driven by this reverse causality concern.
The results of Experiment 1 showed that ratings of causality were mainly driven by the intuitive physics of collisions, whereas the results of Experiment 2 provide some support to the hypothesis that ratings of causality were mainly driven by visual impressions of launching.
Causality assessment is driven by several complementary criteria.
Scholtes, I. et al. Causality-driven slow-down and speed-up of diffusion in non-markovian temporal networks.
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