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In our interpretation, the walker tends to the maximal free fitness state, driven by the evolutionary force X.
Introducing the 'free fitness' as the sum of a fitness term and an entropy term and 'evolutionary force' as the gradient of free fitness on a fitness coordinate, we demonstrated that the adaptive walk (=evolution) is driven by the evolutionary force in the direction in which free fitness increases.
Scientists had assumed that the willingness of a mongoose to stand guard was driven by the evolutionary benefits of protecting one's relatives, as sentinels were thought to be more visible--and vulnerable--to predators.
The adaptation of bacterial pathogens to specific niches is driven by the evolutionary "arms race" that takes place between the host and the bacterium [ 8].
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We see rapid evolution of these genes in mammals, and our finding of intermediate allele frequency for mutated nonsynonymous bases in these genes in human, suggest that positive selection on these genes is not driven by the same evolutionary forces as in the case of Cluster I & II.
Indeed, there is a general feeling that the extremely high impact factors of multidisciplinary journals like Nature and Science are largely driven by the non-evolutionary and/or non-biological papers they publish [also see e.g. 7].
Looked at in the large, the history of life on Earth is one of continuous change, driven by the interplay between evolutionary processes and the altered environments that can result.
This view is similarly presented by Hall (1999) and Hallgrímsson et al. (2012), whereby morphological stability and change are driven by the same developmental and evolutionary mechanisms but in different combinations.
As the marker and the cDNA expression cassettes are driven by the universally active and evolutionary conserved β-actin promoter, they can be used for the selection of stable transfectants in a wide range of cell lines.
In contrast to last year's winning image, of an evolutionary adaptation driven by the avoidance of death, this year's winner offers a fascinating window into a highly unusual evolutionary game in which mutual benefits aid the struggle for survival and reproduction.
Researchers say the findings suggest that these birds' earlier migration may result from evolutionary changes driven by the warming climate.
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